Estimates for the timing of the transition from functional gene to pseudogene are based on decomposition of mixed dN/dS history into two distinct episodes of evolution under purifying selection and neutral evolution, respectively. The divergence time between Tubulidentata and Afrosoricida (golden moles, tenrecs) + Macroscelidea (elephant shrews) is from Murphy and Eizirik [23]. The age of the oldest aardvark, O. minutus, is from Milledge [25].